recent research

This week's picks from Kevin Lewis' blog:

• Online discussion groups aren't just for the devoted netizens: they're also a good proxy for the nation's emotions and positions on policy.
• When it comes to liars, it really does take one to know one. 
• Want some good advice? Don't ask others - instead, ask yourself what others would advise.
• Asking someone to take an other's perspective usually increases tolerance of other groups - but not if that someone deeply identifies themselves with their own group. (See article listed at bottom.)
• Fundraisers, take note: people give more when they remember how good they felt after last time they gave.
• The Ultimatum Game is famous for showing that humans have an innate sense of fairness; but apparently we tolerate more unfairness when dealing with others from our own group.
• Evolutionary theorists speculate on how our sense of fairness piggy-backed on other human traits.
• Researchers gingerly suggest one cause of atheism: the ability to think analytically. But then, most of us are able to believe in the scientific and the supernatural at the same time.
• You think interest groups distort national politics? It could be worse at the state level.
• Government transparency and citizen participation usually go hand in hand, although  one does not necessarily lead to the other.
• Fears from hunter gatherer times that still linger: we perceive our enemies to be physically closer than they are; and 100 is still the most dreadful number of deaths we can imagine. 
• Southern men have been long known to react more strongly to affronts to their "honor." Unsurprisingly that 18th century mentality extends to their views on terrorists.
• Another study on the ingrained linkage between fear of disease and fear of foreigners - this time as evidenced by how we perceive foreign accents.
• Need a little more punch in your fear ad? Add a little humor. Or disgust.
• A psycho-social explanation for one of human's more distasteful behaviors: scapegoating.

recent research

This month via Kevin Lewis:

• Speeding up thought leaves you with riskier choices. While speeding up events makes us overrate their negative risks.
• Be careful which article you read first in the morning news; it'll shape what you remember in the articles that follow.
• Why our hypotheses seem so much more likely to be true than others.
• Everyone wants the underdog to win.
• Tip for sanitation departments: people are less likely to litter when they smell a clean scent.
• We're more likely to think something is true if its evidence comes in a row, rather than scattered.
• More evidence that clannishness and xenophobia is a left-over evolutionary tactic to avoid disease.
• When trying to debunk a myth, it's best not to do so too forcefully.
• Critically reporting the news - rather than giving a "he said/she said" telling - makes viewers more confident in their own understanding, but also more cynical.
• Social psychologists already know we have a way of liking things we already have - but there's also evidence we like things more if we think we're going to have them. It's also not just things we prefer when they're our own - but ideas.
• Prospect theory - which says we're more / less risk averse depending on how risks are framed - might have reverse results when you add a social context.
• Happy faces mess with our probabilistic judgment. But a happy mood may do the reverse.
• We process information faster - when it fits into the same, coherent picture.
• A study on the effectiveness of good behavior campaigns.
• Another study suggesting bigotry is a left-over strategy to avoid disease - this time comparing country and states with different levels of "parasite-stress."
• Trust and honesty could be casualties of economic inequality - as evidenced by google searches. Or just poverty.
• Just thinking of shopping can make us unhappy. (Study is also cool in showing how it doesn't take much to nudge people to behave more self vs. group-interested.)
• New theory on why depression hasn't been evolved out of the human genome: it protects us against pathogens.
• We are more defined by the experiences we buy than the things we buy.
• One explanation for Kansas: we shape our political views on our hopes for our future financial selves.
• Political psychology talks a lot about values, those deep preferences that help form our identity: but "sacred" values take values to a whole new level of intensity.
• Design matters: how suburban design affects civic participation.
• How big is your social network? Just measure your orbital prefrontal cortex.
• Participating in online communities makes us more financially risk-seeking - apparently because we're feeling that social safety net.
• Memory is necessary for cooperation in groups - but only in limited doses.
• Guilt feels awful for the individual - but it's good for the group.
• When one vote can shift voters' perception of your ideology.
• How can we get lawmakers to be more bipartisan and practical? Pay less attention.
• Education makes us more opinionated and ideological - but intelligence moves us toward the center.
• The blogosphere is shifting political discourse - but differently so for the left and right.
• Contrary to popular belief, we rarely vote in our self-interest - but college kids with tuition loans may be an exception.
• Direct democracy (ballot initiatives, etc.) is supposed to be a politically equalizing force - but that's not the way it pans out, at least for minorities in California. It might just be a way to keep the status quo.
• More evidence that political participation is addictive.
• People are more likely to vote if it's easier to do so.
• Imagining yourself in some-one else's shoes does indeed make us a little more empathetic.

recent research

This week in Kevin Lewis' blog:

• Where does our morality come from? Not Kant.
• How to increase helping behavior online: show a name or a webcam.
• Researchers explain the psychology behind the pot calling the kettle black.
• More evidence that, when it comes to disagreements, what really riles people are a challenge to their values, not their personal interests.
• We also tend to understand that people act on their values.
• Although, if we think folks have different political values, we lose some fundamental visceral feelings of empathy for them. (We likewise lose empathy for those we deem lower status.)
• Then again, that lack of empathy can be partially overcome by "perspective giving" and "perspective taking." Or other "communality-focused" exercises.
• A theory of minority employment discrimination - based not on stereotypes, but on how we calculate the odds of finding top notch candidate.
• A peek into the future: how kids relate to - and partly humanize - interactive robots.
• Want to encourage creativity? Put workers in multicultural pairs. And flash some green (the color, not money) at them.
• Sometimes we like new things, but often we prefer the old an familiar: it may depend on whether we're in growth mode or feeling insecure.

recent research

More from the rolls of Kevin Lewis' blog:

• If you want to capture a little more self-control, just think of money.
• Natural (and other) disasters may make us all a little dumber. (But don't take these results to heart - they're based on a study of 16 people.)
• Snakes and guns: a study in how threats to our ancestors get translated into threats today.
• How we self-segregate - even when we don't necessarily want to.
• We prefer masculine vs. feminine leaders depending on whether or not we're at war.
• Why do institutions look so similar across the globe? Maybe it's because humans like them to be that way.
• America in Italians' eyes: father figure or nation of barbarians, depending on ones political orientation.
• Is democracy good for us? Only in the grand historical sweep of things...
• But whether or not democracy makes us wealthy, wealth tends to make us democratic.
• Before Facebook, hunter gatherers had social networks of their own. And they looked surprisingly similar.
• Foraging robots help explain why groups develop certain communication systems: they balance efficiency and robustness.
• A new entrant into the club of "what makes us human" theories: our brain's development of "frontal feedback".
• There's evidence that we become smarter about predictions when real money is on the line - but that's not the case when it comes to optimistic football fans.
• Low on glucose? You're conscious thinking powers may fail on you - but, don't worry, your unconscious thinking has you covered.
• There's evidence groups can make us collectively dumber: now they're saying pairs may do the same.
• Want to emphasize differences in performance? Use small numbers.
• Get creative: try to experience unexpected unusual events. Or decrease your latent inhibition. Or practice the generic parts technique.
• Anxiety can make us more vigilant and aware, but it also debilitates performance.
• The risk of finding explanations for inconsistencies: you may start missing inconsistencies altogether.
  
• Fines can get us to change our behavior - but only for a limited time.
  
• Ideologues create God in their ideological image.
• The newest installment in the Jonathan Haidt's five fundamental values theory: they do a good job of picking people's preferences on issues like immigration, abortion and same-sex marriage.
• When we're freaked out by death (ie "mortality salience" is high), we have a harder time understanding reading passages that conflict with our views.
• Curiosity: an antidote to aggression.
• An argument for matching campaign funds, using NYC as a model.
• Representative democracy may not be perfect, but given voters' "bounded rationality" it may be better than pure democracy or technocracy.
• Interest groups on not just good for lobbying - they also stimulate civic participation.
• Conservatives may not be happier because they're "system justifiers" - but because they can afford to be part of more groups.
• We look up to people who break the rules - as long as they're doing so to benefit the group.
• How big is someone's Facebook network? Just check the size of their "temporal sulcus".
• Humans are a cooperative species; one of the reasons we are (or can be) so is because we're so diverse.
• I'm not going to pretend I understand this, but public information can make us worse off when we're also picking up private information.
• Peers go to colleges their peers prefer.
• Want to keep free-riders in your group in line? Disapproval works better than approval. So do small penalties.

recent research

Notable articles from Kevin Lewis's log this week:

• America's hedometer: tracking our mood on Twitter.
• Facebook is good for your social well-being, unless you have low-self esteem to start with.
• Not all conflict negotiations are alike: they depend on whether you're battling over interests or values.
• A little study on how we cooperate and divide the spoils of cooperation.
• Are you shy? Your amygdala and hippocampus may just not be good at making faces feel familiar.
• When gossip is good for the group.
• We're generally conformists in groups, unless the group is made up of close friends.
• One reason groups are smarter than individuals: members actually learn from each other.
• Mixing communication, honesty and fairness to figure out when cooperation is produced.
• A neat little synopsis on all the reasons societies gain from - and so evolved to enforce - monogamy.
• An Oprah endorsement is worth approximately 1,000,000 votes.
• Does election day registration help Democrats or Republicans more? At least for one state in 1976, it was the Republicans that got the extra boost.
• Is the political fracturing of online news sending Americans off into ideological media silos? Some evidence says no.
• One way to get rid of negative ads: increase the number of candidates.
• The incredible short term memory of voters during campaign season.
• Ballot propositions can make voters smarter - but only if it's a social proposition. Or maybe all they're doing is polarizing voters.
• About how much does requiring voters to register decrease overall turnout? 2%.
• More evidence that our behavior determines our values (rather than values directing behavior) - this time among Belgian teens.
• A politically divided house doesn't necessarily fall, but it does create more politically engaged kids.
• In Finland at least, adding a couple years of required education doesn't increase citizen participation.
• But going "mobile" - if you happen to have a large network - can make you more politically involved.

when academics need to take a step back

Ivory towers are well known to have a distorting effect on academics' relationship to reality. Even so, the occasional study seems so distorted it deserves special note:

Trial by Battle, Peter Leeson, Journal of Legal Analysis, Spring 2011

Abstract: For over a century England's judicial system decided land disputes by ordering disputants' legal representatives to bludgeon one another before an arena of spectating citizens. The victor won the property right for his principal. The vanquished lost his cause and, if he were unlucky, his life. People called these combats trials by battle. This paper investigates the law and economics of trial by battle. In a feudal world where high transaction costs confounded the Coase theorem, I argue that trial by battle allocated disputed property rights efficiently. It did this by allocating contested property to the higher bidder in an all-pay auction. Trial by battle's "auctions" permitted rent seeking. But they encouraged less rent seeking than the obvious alternative: a first-price ascending-bid auction. (italics mine)

Why, oh why, Peter would you bother to argue such a thing?

recent research

Keeping up with Kevin Lewis' log of recent research:

• Our sacred values - like other rules - are generally not up for sale.
• It really is the thought that counts - whether we're punishing free-riders, condemning the schadenfreuders, or enjoying the sweet taste of a gift.
• The loser's paradox: take a losing strategy, add in some fear, and you get more losing strategy.
• We're better at predicting others' behavior than our own.
• You're not imagining it: people are more likely to remember "that one time" you messed up.
• Raising money for a worthy cause? You may want make it hurt. Or get prospective donors to think of their childhood. Or be sure to focus on the somewhat rich and forget about the mega-rich. Or get them to do something exceptional or odd first. And don't forget to give your donors public recognition.
  
• Money changes everything - even if you're in kindergarten.
• Do people give to charities for the "warm glow" it gives them - or because they feel uncomfortable saying no? It's not the warm glow.
• Not sure why you would do this, but if you're ever thinking of subsidizing sharing, think again.
• More evidence that we're not really good at assessing our politicians' performances.
• Good news from the campaign front! We're more likely to hear positive campaign themes.
• Want to cut back on pork? Try term limits.
• Do voters prefer professionalized legislatures? Depends on their ideology.
• High voter turn-outs are great - unless you don't like budget deficits. Then again, deficits may not be a risk if voters are electing highly popular parties.
• Want to be smarter? Stop all that thinking and go with your gut. Pour yourself a drink.
• If life is a box of chocolates, we should live each day as if we're eating the last truffle.
• Groups are often thought to stifle creativity - but that may depend on how creative the groups are.
• Need to persuade someone? Try asking them to pretend to support some other random proposition first.
• How to get crowds to be wise about complex problems.